http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/381 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Tue, 05 May 2026 04:27:13 GMT 2026-05-05T04:27:13Z http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/402 IFRS 17 IFRS Foundation In March 2004 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) issued IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. IFRS 4 was an interim standard which was meant to be in place until the Board completed its project on insurance contracts. IFRS 4 permitted entities to use a wide variety of accounting practices for insurance contracts, reflecting national accounting requirements and variations of those requirements, subject to limited improvements and specified disclosures. In May 2017, the Board completed its project on insurance contracts with the issuance of IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts. IFRS 17 replaces IFRS 4 and sets out principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts within the scope of IFRS 17. In June 2020, the Board issued Amendments to IFRS 17. The objective of the amendments is to assist entities implementing the Standard, while not unduly disrupting implementation or diminishing the usefulness of the information provided by applying IFRS 17. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 17, including Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018) and Defiition of Material (Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8) (issued October 2018). About IFRS 17 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023 with earlier application permitted as long as IFRS 9 is also applied. Insurance contracts combine features of both a financial instrument and a service contract. In addition, many insurance contracts generate cash flows with substantial variability over a long period. To provide useful information about these features, IFRS 17: combines current measurement of the future cash flows with the recognition of profit over the period that services are provided under the contract; presents insurance service results (including presentation of insurance revenue) separately from insurance finance income or expenses; and requires an entity to make an accounting policy choice of whether to recognise all insurance finance income or expenses in profit or loss or to recognise some of that income or expenses in other comprehensive income. The key principles in IFRS 17 are that an entity: identifies as insurance contracts those contracts under which the entity accepts significant insurance risk from another party (the policyholder) by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event (the insured event) adversely affects the policyholder; separates specified embedded derivatives, distinct investment components and distinct performance obligations from the insurance contracts; divides the contracts into groups that it will recognise and measure; recognises and measures groups of insurance contracts at: a risk-adjusted present value of the future cash flows (the fulfilment cash flows) that incorporates all of the available information about the fulfilment cash flows in a way that is consistent with observable market information; plus (if this value is a liability) or minus (if this value is an asset) an amount representing the unearned profit in the group of contracts (the contractual service margin); recognises the profit from a group of insurance contracts over the period the entity provides insurance contract services, and as the entity is released from risk. If a group of contracts is or becomes loss-making, an entity recognises the loss immediately; presents separately insurance revenue (that excludes the receipt of any investment component), insurance service expenses (that excludes the repayment of any investment components) and insurance finance income or expenses; and discloses information to enable users of financial statements to assess the effect that contracts within the scope of IFRS 17 have on the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. IFRS 17 includes an optional simplified measurement approach, or premium allocation approach, for simpler insurance contracts. Standard history In March 2004 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) issued IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. IFRS 4 was an interim standard which was meant to be in place until the Board completed its project on insurance contracts. IFRS 4 permitted entities to use a wide variety of accounting practices for insurance contracts, reflecting national accounting requirements and variations of those requirements, subject to limited improvements and specified disclosures. In May 2017, the Board completed its project on insurance contracts with the issuance of IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts. IFRS 17 replaces IFRS 4 and sets out principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts within the scope of IFRS 17. In June 2020, the Board issued Amendments to IFRS 17. The objective of the amendments is to assist entities implementing the Standard, while not unduly disrupting implementation or diminishing the usefulness of the information provided by applying IFRS 17. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 17, including Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018) and Definition of Material (Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8) (issued October 2018). Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 GMT http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/402 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z IFRS Foundation In March 2004 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) issued IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. IFRS 4 was an interim standard which was meant to be in place until the Board completed its project on insurance contracts. IFRS 4 permitted entities to use a wide variety of accounting practices for insurance contracts, reflecting national accounting requirements and variations of those requirements, subject to limited improvements and specified disclosures. In May 2017, the Board completed its project on insurance contracts with the issuance of IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts. IFRS 17 replaces IFRS 4 and sets out principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts within the scope of IFRS 17. In June 2020, the Board issued Amendments to IFRS 17. The objective of the amendments is to assist entities implementing the Standard, while not unduly disrupting implementation or diminishing the usefulness of the information provided by applying IFRS 17. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 17, including Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018) and Defiition of Material (Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8) (issued October 2018). http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/401 IFRS 16 IFRS, FOUNDATION About IFRS 16 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019, with earlier application permitted (as long as IFRS 15 is also applied). The objective of IFRS 16 is to report information that (a) faithfully represents lease transactions and (b) provides a basis for users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. To meet that objective, a lessee should recognise assets and liabilities arising from a lease. IFRS 16 introduces a single lessee accounting model and requires a lessee to recognise assets and liabilities for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value. A lessee is required to recognise a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying leased asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments. Standard history In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) adopted IAS 17 Leases, which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in December 1997. IAS 17 Leases replaced IAS 17 Accounting for Leases that was issued in September 1982. In April 2001 the Board adopted SIC‑15 Operating Leases—Incentives, which had originally been issued by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the IASC in December 1998. In December 2001 the Board issued SIC‑27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease. SIC‑27 had originally been developed by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the IASC to provide guidance on determining, amongst other things, whether an arrangement that involves the legal form of a lease meets the definition of a lease under IAS 17. In December 2003 the Board issued a revised IAS 17 as part of its initial agenda of technical projects. In December 2004 the Board issued IFRIC 4 Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to provide guidance on determining whether transactions that do not take the legal form of a lease but convey the right to use an asset in return for a payment or series of payments are, or contain, leases that should be accounted for in accordance with IAS 17. In January 2016 the Board issued IFRS 16 Leases. IFRS 16 replaces IAS 17, IFRIC 4, SIC‑15 and SIC‑27. IFRS 16 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases. In May 2020 the Board issued Covid-19-Related Rent Concessions, which amended IFRS 16. The amendment permits lessees, as a practical expedient, not to assess whether rent concessions that occur as a direct consequence of the covid-19 pandemic and meet specified conditions are lease modifications. Instead, the lessee accounts for those rent concessions as if they were not lease modifications. In August 2020 the Board issued Interest Rate Benchmark Reform―Phase 2 which amended requirements in IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 7, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16 relating to: changes in the basis for determining contractual cash flows of financial assets, financial liabilities and lease liabilities; hedge accounting; and disclosures. The Phase 2 amendments apply only to changes required by the interest rate benchmark reform to financial instruments and hedging relationships. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 16, including Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018). About IFRS 16 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019, with earlier application permitted (as long as IFRS 15 is also applied). The objective of IFRS 16 is to report information that (a) faithfully represents lease transactions and (b) provides a basis for users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. To meet that objective, a lessee should recognise assets and liabilities arising from a lease. IFRS 16 introduces a single lessee accounting model and requires a lessee to recognise assets and liabilities for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value. A lessee is required to recognise a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying leased asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments. Standard history In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) adopted IAS 17 Leases, which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in December 1997. IAS 17 Leases replaced IAS 17 Accounting for Leases that was issued in September 1982. In April 2001 the Board adopted SIC‑15 Operating Leases—Incentives, which had originally been issued by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the IASC in December 1998. In December 2001 the Board issued SIC‑27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease. SIC‑27 had originally been developed by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the IASC to provide guidance on determining, amongst other things, whether an arrangement that involves the legal form of a lease meets the definition of a lease under IAS 17. In December 2003 the Board issued a revised IAS 17 as part of its initial agenda of technical projects. In December 2004 the Board issued IFRIC 4 Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to provide guidance on determining whether transactions that do not take the legal form of a lease but convey the right to use an asset in return for a payment or series of payments are, or contain, leases that should be accounted for in accordance with IAS 17. In January 2016 the Board issued IFRS 16 Leases. IFRS 16 replaces IAS 17, IFRIC 4, SIC‑15 and SIC‑27. IFRS 16 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases. In May 2020 the Board issued Covid-19-Related Rent Concessions, which amended IFRS 16. The amendment permits lessees, as a practical expedient, not to assess whether rent concessions that occur as a direct consequence of the covid-19 pandemic and meet specified conditions are lease modifications. Instead, the lessee accounts for those rent concessions as if they were not lease modifications. In August 2020 the Board issued Interest Rate Benchmark Reform―Phase 2 which amended requirements in IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 7, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16 relating to: changes in the basis for determining contractual cash flows of financial assets, financial liabilities and lease liabilities; hedge accounting; and disclosures. The Phase 2 amendments apply only to changes required by the interest rate benchmark reform to financial instruments and hedging relationships. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 16, including Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018). Sat, 01 Aug 2020 00:00:00 GMT http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/401 2020-08-01T00:00:00Z IFRS, FOUNDATION About IFRS 16 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019, with earlier application permitted (as long as IFRS 15 is also applied). The objective of IFRS 16 is to report information that (a) faithfully represents lease transactions and (b) provides a basis for users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. To meet that objective, a lessee should recognise assets and liabilities arising from a lease. IFRS 16 introduces a single lessee accounting model and requires a lessee to recognise assets and liabilities for all leases with a term of more than 12 months, unless the underlying asset is of low value. A lessee is required to recognise a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying leased asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments. Standard history In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) adopted IAS 17 Leases, which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in December 1997. IAS 17 Leases replaced IAS 17 Accounting for Leases that was issued in September 1982. In April 2001 the Board adopted SIC‑15 Operating Leases—Incentives, which had originally been issued by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the IASC in December 1998. In December 2001 the Board issued SIC‑27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease. SIC‑27 had originally been developed by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the IASC to provide guidance on determining, amongst other things, whether an arrangement that involves the legal form of a lease meets the definition of a lease under IAS 17. In December 2003 the Board issued a revised IAS 17 as part of its initial agenda of technical projects. In December 2004 the Board issued IFRIC 4 Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to provide guidance on determining whether transactions that do not take the legal form of a lease but convey the right to use an asset in return for a payment or series of payments are, or contain, leases that should be accounted for in accordance with IAS 17. In January 2016 the Board issued IFRS 16 Leases. IFRS 16 replaces IAS 17, IFRIC 4, SIC‑15 and SIC‑27. IFRS 16 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases. In May 2020 the Board issued Covid-19-Related Rent Concessions, which amended IFRS 16. The amendment permits lessees, as a practical expedient, not to assess whether rent concessions that occur as a direct consequence of the covid-19 pandemic and meet specified conditions are lease modifications. Instead, the lessee accounts for those rent concessions as if they were not lease modifications. In August 2020 the Board issued Interest Rate Benchmark Reform―Phase 2 which amended requirements in IFRS 9, IAS 39, IFRS 7, IFRS 4 and IFRS 16 relating to: changes in the basis for determining contractual cash flows of financial assets, financial liabilities and lease liabilities; hedge accounting; and disclosures. The Phase 2 amendments apply only to changes required by the interest rate benchmark reform to financial instruments and hedging relationships. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 16, including Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018). http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/400 IFRS 15 IFRS, FOUNDATION IFRS 15 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018, with earlier application permitted. IFRS 15 establishes the principles that an entity applies when reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows from a contract with a customer. Applying IFRS 15, an entity recognises revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To recognise revenue under IFRS 15, an entity applies the following five steps: identify the contract(s) with a customer. identify the performance obligations in the contract. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer to a customer goods or services that are distinct. determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, an entity must estimate the amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative stand-alone selling prices of each distinct good or service promised in the contract. recognise revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good or service to a customer (which is when the customer obtains control of that good or service). A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically for promises to transfer goods to a customer) or over time (typically for promises to transfer services to a customer). For a performance obligation satisfied over time, an entity would select an appropriate measure of progress to determine how much revenue should be recognised as the performance obligation is satisfied. Standard history In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) adopted IAS 11 Construction Contracts and IAS 18 Revenue, both of which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in December 1993. IAS 18 replaced a previous version: Revenue Recognition (issued in December 1982). IAS 11 replaced parts of IAS 11 Accounting for Construction Contracts (issued in March 1979). In December 2001 the Board issued SIC‑31 Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services. The Interpretation was originally developed by the Standards Interpretations Committee of the IASC to determine the circumstances in which a seller of advertising services can reliably measure revenue at the fair value of advertising services provided in a barter transaction. In June 2007 the Board issued IFRIC 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes. The Interpretation was developed by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (the ‘Interpretations Committee’) to address the accounting by the entity that grants award credits to its customers. In July 2008 the Board issued IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to apply to the accounting for revenue and associated expenses by entities that undertake the construction of real estate directly or through subcontractors. In January 2009 the Board issued IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to apply to the accounting for transfers of items of property, plant and equipment by entities that receive such transfers from their customers. In May 2014 the Board issued IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, together with the introduction of Topic 606 into the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification®. IFRS 15 replaces IAS 11, IAS 18, IFRIC 13, IFRIC 15, IFRIC 18 and SIC‑31. IFRS 15 provides a comprehensive framework for recognising revenue from contracts with customers. In September 2015 the Board issued Effective Date of IFRS 15 which deferred the mandatory effective date of IFRS 15 to 1 January 2018. In April 2016 the Board issued Clarifications to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers clarifying the Board’s intentions when developing some of the requirements in IFRS 15. These amendments do not change the underlying principles of IFRS 15 but clarify how those principles should be applied and provide additional transitional relief. In May 2017, the Board issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts which permits an entity to choose whether to apply IFRS 17 or IFRS 15 to specified fixed-fee service contracts that meet the definition of an insurance contract. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 15, including IFRS 16 Leases (issued January 2016) and Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018). IFRS 15 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018, with earlier application permitted. IFRS 15 establishes the principles that an entity applies when reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows from a contract with a customer. Applying IFRS 15, an entity recognises revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To recognise revenue under IFRS 15, an entity applies the following five steps: identify the contract(s) with a customer. identify the performance obligations in the contract. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer to a customer goods or services that are distinct. determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, an entity must estimate the amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative stand-alone selling prices of each distinct good or service promised in the contract. recognise revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good or service to a customer (which is when the customer obtains control of that good or service). A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically for promises to transfer goods to a customer) or over time (typically for promises to transfer services to a customer). For a performance obligation satisfied over time, an entity would select an appropriate measure of progress to determine how much revenue should be recognised as the performance obligation is satisfied. Standard history In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) adopted IAS 11 Construction Contracts and IAS 18 Revenue, both of which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in December 1993. IAS 18 replaced a previous version: Revenue Recognition (issued in December 1982). IAS 11 replaced parts of IAS 11 Accounting for Construction Contracts (issued in March 1979). In December 2001 the Board issued SIC‑31 Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services. The Interpretation was originally developed by the Standards Interpretations Committee of the IASC to determine the circumstances in which a seller of advertising services can reliably measure revenue at the fair value of advertising services provided in a barter transaction. In June 2007 the Board issued IFRIC 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes. The Interpretation was developed by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (the ‘Interpretations Committee’) to address the accounting by the entity that grants award credits to its customers. In July 2008 the Board issued IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to apply to the accounting for revenue and associated expenses by entities that undertake the construction of real estate directly or through subcontractors. In January 2009 the Board issued IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to apply to the accounting for transfers of items of property, plant and equipment by entities that receive such transfers from their customers. In May 2014 the Board issued IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, together with the introduction of Topic 606 into the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification®. IFRS 15 replaces IAS 11, IAS 18, IFRIC 13, IFRIC 15, IFRIC 18 and SIC‑31. IFRS 15 provides a comprehensive framework for recognising revenue from contracts with customers. In September 2015 the Board issued Effective Date of IFRS 15 which deferred the mandatory effective date of IFRS 15 to 1 January 2018. In April 2016 the Board issued Clarifications to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers clarifying the Board’s intentions when developing some of the requirements in IFRS 15. These amendments do not change the underlying principles of IFRS 15 but clarify how those principles should be applied and provide additional transitional relief. In May 2017, the Board issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts which permits an entity to choose whether to apply IFRS 17 or IFRS 15 to specified fixed-fee service contracts that meet the definition of an insurance contract. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 15, including IFRS 16 Leases (issued January 2016) and Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018). Fri, 01 Apr 2016 00:00:00 GMT http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/400 2016-04-01T00:00:00Z IFRS, FOUNDATION IFRS 15 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018, with earlier application permitted. IFRS 15 establishes the principles that an entity applies when reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows from a contract with a customer. Applying IFRS 15, an entity recognises revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To recognise revenue under IFRS 15, an entity applies the following five steps: identify the contract(s) with a customer. identify the performance obligations in the contract. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer to a customer goods or services that are distinct. determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, an entity must estimate the amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative stand-alone selling prices of each distinct good or service promised in the contract. recognise revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good or service to a customer (which is when the customer obtains control of that good or service). A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time (typically for promises to transfer goods to a customer) or over time (typically for promises to transfer services to a customer). For a performance obligation satisfied over time, an entity would select an appropriate measure of progress to determine how much revenue should be recognised as the performance obligation is satisfied. Standard history In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) adopted IAS 11 Construction Contracts and IAS 18 Revenue, both of which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in December 1993. IAS 18 replaced a previous version: Revenue Recognition (issued in December 1982). IAS 11 replaced parts of IAS 11 Accounting for Construction Contracts (issued in March 1979). In December 2001 the Board issued SIC‑31 Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services. The Interpretation was originally developed by the Standards Interpretations Committee of the IASC to determine the circumstances in which a seller of advertising services can reliably measure revenue at the fair value of advertising services provided in a barter transaction. In June 2007 the Board issued IFRIC 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes. The Interpretation was developed by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (the ‘Interpretations Committee’) to address the accounting by the entity that grants award credits to its customers. In July 2008 the Board issued IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to apply to the accounting for revenue and associated expenses by entities that undertake the construction of real estate directly or through subcontractors. In January 2009 the Board issued IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers. The Interpretation was developed by the Interpretations Committee to apply to the accounting for transfers of items of property, plant and equipment by entities that receive such transfers from their customers. In May 2014 the Board issued IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, together with the introduction of Topic 606 into the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification®. IFRS 15 replaces IAS 11, IAS 18, IFRIC 13, IFRIC 15, IFRIC 18 and SIC‑31. IFRS 15 provides a comprehensive framework for recognising revenue from contracts with customers. In September 2015 the Board issued Effective Date of IFRS 15 which deferred the mandatory effective date of IFRS 15 to 1 January 2018. In April 2016 the Board issued Clarifications to IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers clarifying the Board’s intentions when developing some of the requirements in IFRS 15. These amendments do not change the underlying principles of IFRS 15 but clarify how those principles should be applied and provide additional transitional relief. In May 2017, the Board issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts which permits an entity to choose whether to apply IFRS 17 or IFRS 15 to specified fixed-fee service contracts that meet the definition of an insurance contract. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 15, including IFRS 16 Leases (issued January 2016) and Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018). http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/399 IFRS 14 IFRS, FOUNDATION IFRS 14 prescribes special accounting for the effects of rate regulation. Rate regulation is a legal framework for establishing the prices that a public utility or similar entity can charge to customers for regulated goods or services. Rate regulation can create a regulatory deferral account balance. A regulatory deferral account balance is an amount of expense or income that would not be recognised as an asset or liability in accordance with other Standards, but that qualifies to be deferred in accordance with IFRS 14, because the amount is included, or is expected to be included, by a rate regulator in establishing the price(s) that an entity can charge to customers for rate-regulated goods or services. IFRS 14 permits a first-time adopter within its scope to continue to account for regulatory deferral account balances in its IFRS financial statements in accordance with its previous GAAP when it adopts IFRS Standards. However, IFRS 14 introduces limited changes to some previous GAAP accounting practices for regulatory deferral account balances, which are primarily related to the presentation of those balances. Standard history In January 2014 the International Accounting Standards Board issued IFRS 14 Regulatory Deferral Accounts. IFRS 14 permits a first-time adopter of IFRS Standards that is within its scope to continue to recognise and measure its regulatory deferral account balances in its first and subsequent IFRS financial statements in accordance with its previous GAAP. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 14, including IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (issued May 2017) and Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018). IFRS 14 prescribes special accounting for the effects of rate regulation. Rate regulation is a legal framework for establishing the prices that a public utility or similar entity can charge to customers for regulated goods or services. Rate regulation can create a regulatory deferral account balance. A regulatory deferral account balance is an amount of expense or income that would not be recognised as an asset or liability in accordance with other Standards, but that qualifies to be deferred in accordance with IFRS 14, because the amount is included, or is expected to be included, by a rate regulator in establishing the price(s) that an entity can charge to customers for rate-regulated goods or services. IFRS 14 permits a first-time adopter within its scope to continue to account for regulatory deferral account balances in its IFRS financial statements in accordance with its previous GAAP when it adopts IFRS Standards. However, IFRS 14 introduces limited changes to some previous GAAP accounting practices for regulatory deferral account balances, which are primarily related to the presentation of those balances. Standard history In January 2014 the International Accounting Standards Board issued IFRS 14 Regulatory Deferral Accounts. IFRS 14 permits a first-time adopter of IFRS Standards that is within its scope to continue to recognise and measure its regulatory deferral account balances in its first and subsequent IFRS financial statements in accordance with its previous GAAP. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 14, including IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (issued May 2017) and Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018). Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://41.66.247.10:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/399 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z IFRS, FOUNDATION IFRS 14 prescribes special accounting for the effects of rate regulation. Rate regulation is a legal framework for establishing the prices that a public utility or similar entity can charge to customers for regulated goods or services. Rate regulation can create a regulatory deferral account balance. A regulatory deferral account balance is an amount of expense or income that would not be recognised as an asset or liability in accordance with other Standards, but that qualifies to be deferred in accordance with IFRS 14, because the amount is included, or is expected to be included, by a rate regulator in establishing the price(s) that an entity can charge to customers for rate-regulated goods or services. IFRS 14 permits a first-time adopter within its scope to continue to account for regulatory deferral account balances in its IFRS financial statements in accordance with its previous GAAP when it adopts IFRS Standards. However, IFRS 14 introduces limited changes to some previous GAAP accounting practices for regulatory deferral account balances, which are primarily related to the presentation of those balances. Standard history In January 2014 the International Accounting Standards Board issued IFRS 14 Regulatory Deferral Accounts. IFRS 14 permits a first-time adopter of IFRS Standards that is within its scope to continue to recognise and measure its regulatory deferral account balances in its first and subsequent IFRS financial statements in accordance with its previous GAAP. Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IFRS 14, including IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (issued May 2017) and Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (issued March 2018).